Peer-reviewed2014
Stress shows up in the dog's body
Compared two schools and found more stress-linked body language in dogs trained with negative-reinforcement-based methods.
“Training methods based on positive reinforcement are less stressful and potentially better for their welfare.”
Source details
Source
Effects of 2 training methods on stress-related behaviors of the dog and on the dog–owner relationship
Deldalle & Gaunet
Journal of Veterinary Behavior
Evidence level
Primary evidence
Credibility
Last reviewed
May 30, 2026
Why we included it
Useful for body language, stress signs, and emotional welfare cards.
WelfareReactivity